2009年9月14日星期一

一五一十部落头条

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现在有两种忙人(走三线-16)

Mon, 14 Sep 2009 13:19:00 +0800

作者:老虎庙 | 评论(3) | 标签:走三线, 万源, 达州, 农民

九月,入川东,沿途所见,有两种忙人:一是农夫,二是官员。

                    第一种忙人

出生在北方,对南方稻米的生产不甚熟悉,尤其对收获的节气、时间以及其流程感觉新鲜、有趣,也因此参透着我的强烈的猎奇心。

过万源,这样的气氛就愈发明显。我在路上走,问候迎面的农人:"好辛苦!"农人说"不幸苦。"一边就要停下,甚至还转了转身子,似乎要让我拍摄的顺意一些。我的确在拍摄他,看到他背上的背篓里堆出着高出他自己个儿身高一倍的稻米秸秆,虽说是不重,却在近日川东持续的溽热里,想必被秸秆压着一定也不舒服。

走过许多农家门前,见庭院里的水泥地面上都晒着未脱壳的稻米,有留守家园的老人不时去翻耙。过罗江时见有农人双脚跨骑摩托,后衣架上驮一大包稻米,从公路上向商铺里正过秤的粮商打问收价,"好多钱啊?"声音很大,引起一街人关注,粮老板尚未开口,就有旁的人纷纷迎合,"今儿个是一块七毛五……"农人就要推车去送。我问粮老板如今这时价如何?粮老板是女人,很谨慎,"你问这个做啥?"我解释说长这么大,第一次见识真实版的粮食收购场面。老板就问:"那你拍啥子?"一边就拼命地辨清自己:我是合法的呀,我们是有营业执照的呀。末了又反反复复地对我解释公家收购的不灵活性和私人收购的机动灵活、人性化。老板还在絮叨:"因为我们昨天就是农民……其实现在还是,你说对么?!"我忙解释,"您看我像是偷偷采� �的吗?"老板说:"要真采访倒也不怕,你先到镇里申请登记。"我听后大为吃惊。

一切迹象说明,是川东地区收获稻米的季节了。这和巴山那边的陕南不同,那里的农人也只在庭院里晾晒些包谷,说是给猪给鸡吃;晾晒些烟叶儿,说是给自己家用;还有晾晒的辣椒、香菇、槐米、花生,说是送到集上去卖,换点银两,

过蒲家的时候天将黑,路边的黑屋子里传出哧啦啦的厉声,我看暗屋里有火花迸射,问路人说是老王的铁匠铺子,老王不在家去了镇上销售自己打造的镰刀、镢头、锹。老王的老伴一人在家,继续给镰刀开刃儿,电带动的砂轮把铁件们磨得大声作响,老王的老伴就用更大的声对我说,收割季节,工具需要量大,我们的营生就好,冬天也还得闲着……

进入达州的时候,农人们几乎终日泡在田里,路边的屋子照旧敞开着,敞开的门里又无一例外地摆着牌桌,牌桌旁有竹椅,和巴山那头的情形有所不同,这里的牌桌一律空着。

川东一路所见,沿路的房子一律被刷上一层白色。看起来是漂亮了一些,可是巴蜀风格的民居建筑风格却就此破坏殆尽。尤其是白色,在青山绿水间固然衬托出一幅风景画来。可忙着收割稻米的农夫们不得不在白色的庭院里做着土地与粮食的操作。随着电动扬稻机的飞速旋转,许多白色的庭院里已经脏污了下半截……

                    第二种忙人

第二种忙人在政府里供职。

有一天,我骑车到长坝夜宿。长坝是乡,依山傍水,水那边山腰上就是我39年前参与修建的襄渝铁路。长坝小街上的路灯七点半才开,夜就有了点寂寥,我因此和店老板坐街边上聊天。我问起乡里街边立那牌子上在宣传什么?我是说那牌子上写的字——深入开展城乡环境综合整治,加快建设统筹城乡发展示范区。

店老板是乡里几代世袭的农民,退耕还林后才到公路边上开了这家餐饮、住宿小店。店老板大概被我问得不耐烦了,"说是'深入'就深入了吗?说是'开展'就开展起来了吗?说想'加快建设'就快了吗?示范区倒是有了,农民不知道干什么用,倒的确是'整顿'整顿得很紧。"

第二天,我赶到梨子园乡,就该村存在的虚报、瞒报修村路业绩一事和乡政府在农民低保工作中存在的贪污现象做调查。在坐的有商店的女老板和三个参与合作化工厂养蚕的农户……谈话间,忽听房外有汽车动静,且有大声咋呼,这情形我经历过,一定是干部下来了。但我因方言不通而无法判断发生了什么,也不知晓是否来势是针对我。就想走出去看,农户们迅速拦住了我,"别理他们。"我对此已经习惯,就问外面在说什么?屋里的农户说:"是在督促刷墙……"

60年大庆将至,我这一路行进,即使在穷乡僻壤也无不感受到农村里也有的庆典气氛,刷墙便是其中一招。女老板告诉我说,"每天乡干部开车到下边溜达一圈儿,要是谁家还没有刷,就挨一顿臭骂。"我趴在窗户上向外张望,果然见一辆簇新的宝石蓝吉利轿车正踟蹰在山间公路,不停,亦不离,只有里面伸出的半个脑袋在一直吼叫。农户们告诉我说,他是在威胁不刷墙的罚款。我说这样也好,你不见山谷里多了些星星点点的小白屋子,乍看好像是庐山别墅区。"狗屁,就国道边儿上忽悠忽悠外人,谁知道哪个中央的会开车路过,就是做给他们看的。有时间到下头再看……"我知道他们说的"下头"是怎么回事——上头拨款修村路,村干部没修,钱也下落不明。省上航测发现这里没有修,过问。乡里命令把农民原先自己集资修筑的五里一段表面� 上层土,冒充是乡政府修的。最近听说省里要来验收,农民干脆断臂取义,叫他们车子开不过去,准备抵抗验收队伍……

如果您有机会走走川东乡下,你真的会发现:沿着210国道,有无数个只有文件里才可以用来表述的语句被刷在了不啻为豪华的标语墙上,我亦相信,看得懂它们的只有政府里那些常年以开会和"学习某某精神"为生的人,农民们则表现出对此不屑。当我就此刷白墙一事问起当地农民的时候,他们告诉我说:"所有沿国道房子都要刷白,还要画上蓝道道、咖啡色道道。"有的农户说:"我家的房子没有改造,现盖来不及,干部就要求我们把老房子刷一层白,后来连我家的猪圈都刷上了一圈……

川东行进的几天,真可谓是"饱览春色",忙人农夫们忙活着收割。政府干部亦是忙活人,忙活的却是粉饰世界。在这些不干实事,只知道取悦中央,取悦上级的跳梁小丑的日弄下,一路所见农村的景象可谓是一路歌声一路情。我就心想:粉刷涂抹的假象谁不会?小孩子撒尿也能冒充个世界地图呢!难道不是吗?

去看所有忙人的图片http://24hour.blogbus.com/logs/46396847.html

老虎庙的最新更新:
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    反贪腐要软硬两手抓

    Mon, 14 Sep 2009 10:22:00 +0800

    作者:纪硕鸣 | 评论(23) | 标签:时事观点

    全国政协常委徐展堂提出解决贪腐要两手抓:一手硬,监督、查处要有力;一手软,要适时解决公务员的具体问题,如为其子女设奖学金、提高薪资等,更要将人大政协的制衡制度化。

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

    北京加大反腐力度,不断有高层官员因腐败被查。这些年来,先有中共上海市委书记陈良宇贪腐利益集团;又有证监会副主席王益案暴露出一批问题官员;最近因国美黄光裕案扯出公安部部长助理郑少东,又把广东的老公安系统陈绍基的腐败行径暴露在阳光下,深圳市长许宗衡也在反贪声中落网,彰显胡温新政打击腐败的决心。北京新一轮廉政风暴力度很大,揪出的贪官职位很高,腐败行径触目惊心,而且抓一个往往带出一串,都是利益集团。

    有人为中央不管涉及谁,无论职位多高、权力多大,都要一查到底的反贪决心叫好,也有人看到这些高官纷纷落马拍手称快。但全国政协常委徐展堂在接受亚洲周刊访问时表示,无论如何都笑不出来,却感到一阵阵痛心。「共产党培养了这么多年的干部,有的还很能干,却一个一个跌倒在金钱和女色之中。」

    徐展堂赞同中央不断加大力度反腐败,他指出,中共每一任执政领袖都花大力清除腐败,力保党的纯洁性。胡锦涛执政,更以共产党前所未有的力度在党内展开反腐。问题是,即使有这样的前车之鉴,共产党内的腐败还是屡禁不止,并有越演越烈之势。徐展堂认为,这主要是体制问题,「随着中国经济的发展,我相信贪污腐败的情况会更加严重,这是必然的」。

    徐展堂提出,要从源头上解决可能越益严重的贪腐问题,就是要两手抓,「一手硬,监督要严,查处要有力;一手软,国家现在有财力,要适时解决公务员、领导干部的一些具体问题,杜绝从小贪变大贪的情况接连发生」。以下是访问的主要内容:

    不断有高官因贪腐被抓,你怎么看?

    中央政府加大力度反腐,当然是好事,抓比不抓好。但野火烧不尽,春风吹又生。如果不从体制上、从根源上解决问题,等犯了法再整治,一定是大案要案。我知道,不少官员很能干,在改革开放中作出成绩,他们也不是一天之中变成大贪官的。走上贪腐之路,当然是咎由自取,但也是党和国家的损失。但从国家和共产党的整体利益考虑,应该多思考从源头堵截,防止贪腐。

    你当了四届政协常委,见了很多高层领导,也和很多公务人员接触,你认为,这二十年来,这些干部有什么变化?

    这些干部绝大部分是非常好的,是称职的领导,为国家和民族做了很多感人的事,嫖赌淫荡搞腐败的毕竟是少之又少。以公安为例,绝大部分是晴天晒,雨天淋。贪腐是因为权力太大,又缺少制衡。五六十年代香港警员待遇低,后来待遇高后,贪污情况就大为改善。公安、国安、海关等都在第一线,直接面对基层,工作辛苦,如不能抵御诱惑容易贪腐。其实,贪腐都是从小开始,为子女读书,为家人生活改善等要钱,慢慢从小贪变为大贪。

    十多年前,你当第一届政协常委,这样的贪腐应该还很少见的,看到这样的变化,感受如何?

    当然很痛心,但这是自然现象。刚解放时,张子善、刘青山因贪被枪毙了。那时金额少,现在经济发展了,权力也越来越大,不从体制上改善,不建立良好的制度,等问题暴露出来才抓,来不及了。经济发展,贫富差别出来了,大家都想过好日子。邓小平讲让一部分人先富起来,现在确实做到了。可惜其中有一部分人是以不正当的手段致富的。这在社会中、在老百姓之间造成不好的影响。过去过多宣传了富豪排名榜、致富光荣,负面影响很大,对干部的腐蚀也很大。

    你提出从源头堵截,有什么好方法?

    我觉得,一是要加强监督,这个监督光在共产党内部是不够的,要加强人大政协的监督职能,你一党执政,需要多党合作,就要接受各民主党派、人大代表、政协委员的监督。我想,要让人大政协对领导干部的监督制度化,不仅接受群众举报向有关部门反映,还可以定期对领导干部的财产申报情况作督察,这有制约作用。

    从香港的角度,有些什么可供内地借鉴的?

    香港、新加坡对官员的监督制度、财产申报制度,以及对子女教育的津贴等,可供内地借鉴。应该尽快建立官员财产申报制度,让财产暴露在阳光下,便于监督。

    具体应该解决一些什么问题?

    反腐从源头开始要两手抓,一是对干部监督要严,另外也要帮助解决实际问题。中国人口多,干部也多,不可能一下子像香港一样做到高薪养廉。但有些实际情况需要考虑。其实,从公来讲,官员个人的待遇很好了,很多开销都是公家的,为什么还想贪钱,大都是考虑家庭、子女读书等。有一个高级干部,为了子女能到海外读书,贪了三十万,最后夫妻一起坐牢。最遗憾的是该干部在当地有口碑,政绩也不错。最近核工业部有位主要负责人也因巨额贪腐被双规了,我感到十分可惜及痛心,这些问题在全国各地时有发生,实在是到了要认认真真想方设法解决的时候了。所以我提议建立公务员子女奖学金制度,完善医疗制度等。政府为公务人员的子女设立奖学金,鼓励学业有成的公务员子女,也让这些干部无后顾之忧。虽然国家会有些投入,但 ��起一些干部腐败造成的损失,那是杯水车薪了。

    有没有具体的构想?

    我想可以分阶段进行,第一阶段以成绩为基础,不管官员职位大小,让组织部门和教育部门设立标准,金额要大,一步到位。鼓励读书好的,解决后顾之忧。不仅解决学杂费,甚至给予一定的生活补助,但如果官员腐败犯错就要取消资格。主要是奖励大学生,尤其是要去海外留学的。成立一个国家公务员奖学金基金,国家拿一部分钱,然后在社会上募集一部分。这样的奖学金制度可以分段进行,以后慢慢制度化,子女都可以得到一定的照顾。先从一部分开始,慢慢的目标是迈向新加坡、香港的高薪养廉。

    有什么益处?

    加快实行公务员子女奖学金制度,除了可解决部分公务员的实际问题,更重要的是可发掘更多的优秀人才,提高国民素质。我们一方面要严惩那些犯错的干部,但平时也要关心爱护他们,为他们解决一些具体问题。我深信,新加坡能做到的,只要痛下决心,中国也一定能做到!

    这样的构想有没有向有关部门提出?

    我早几年就提出过,但那时是改革开放之初,有关领导说国家没钱。现在国家有这个财力。我们有很好的体育馆、很好的剧院、很好的博物馆,我建议少盖些楼堂馆所,多投入教育提高国民素质,这才能长治久安。

    在反贪腐的过程中,更应该注重什么呢?

    现在国内崇洋拜金风盛行,好象有钱就有了一切,缺少道德观念。国家要从小学开始就要让学生树立正确的荣辱观,不能让拜金主义抬头,要让他们从小就知道并非有钱就有一切。少宣传些富豪,多点宣传好人好事,宣扬爱国民族精神。一个十三亿人口的大国,假如没有浓厚的爱国观念、民族观念是很危险的。人才培养比城市建设、比房地产更重要。一个国家兴旺发达,并不是由少部分人有钱就可以支撑起来的,要靠全民素质提高。

    中国地大人多,应该以什么来维系呢?

    我们国家现在经济确实发展了,世界各地都看到中国旅行团的身影,但所到之处有不少引起当地反感的事,我们去消费,促进了当地经济,反而引起别人讨厌,原因何在?实在值得我们深思。只把钱看得比什么都重要,不注重培植国家和民族的荣誉、道德观念,老百姓对国家没有信心,年轻人没有理想和方向,像我们这样的大国会是一件很危险的事。以前有革命理想和毛泽东思想,现在我们靠什么,以及将来靠什么来维系这十三亿人口的国家?我想,绝不是只靠防暴警察所能解决的,这个系统工程要研究。目前最主要任务是要缩小贫富差距,提高国民文化素质。

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    还未回升的日本

    Mon, 14 Sep 2009 10:04:00 +0800

    作者:謝國忠 | 评论(0) | 标签:日本, 利率, 中国, 日元

    Japan has been in an equilibrium of strong currency, stagnation, large fiscal deficit and deflation for two decades. The reason is to minimize interest burden of the huge debt load for the corporate sector. Even though the public debt has skyrocketed, the corporate debt has not fallen much. The reason is that real interest rate isn't so low in a deflationary environment. The low interest payment in nominal terms serves an accounting purpuse but doesn't actually decrease private debt burden. As long as Japan runs current account surplus, this equilibrium can continue, as Japan can control its interest rate. However, as global trade is stuck in a slow lane for the foreseeable future, Japan's surplus may vanish. As some point, Japan will lose control over its interest rate. When it happens, Japan will shift from strong yen, low interest rate to weak yen, high interest rate. The switch will be sudden.

    Andy

    Japan: not rising

    -----------------------------------------------------

    Japan had a political earthquake last week: the Liberal Democratic Party ('LDP') that ruled Japan since the end of the World War II lost most of its seats. The Democratic Party of Japan ('DPJ') won 308 out of 480 seats in the lower house. It already has a majority in the upper house. The DPJ is in a strong position to undertake structural reforms. When a country has stagnated for so long like Japan, a change in political regime brings hope. However, the DPJ is unlikely to turn around Japan's economy anytime soon. The LDP, in the name of Keynesian stimulus, has spent all the money that Japan could on wasteful investment. The DPJ doesn't have resources to undertake reforms. I am afraid that the DPJ has an impossible situation in its hand. Japan's economic woes ahead will soon bring it down.

    Anyone who doesn't believe in the harms of financial bubble and believes in the magic of Keynesian stimulus should visit Japan. After its stock market bubble burst in 1989 and land market in 1992, its government under the LDP leadership has run up nearly 200% of GDP in debt to revive the economy. Nevertheless, its economy has stagnated. When the global credit bubble burst in 2008, it brought down Japan's export machine-its only hope. Among all the OECD economies Japan's looks most like in depression. Its nominal GDP declined by 8% in the first quarter of 2009 from one year ago. Even though its economy rebounded a bit in the second quarter, the nominal GDP for the whole of 2009 would still decline substantially and would likely be lower than the level in 1993. All the money that Japan has spent in a decade and an half has been wasted.

    Many analysts blame Japan's problems on the inefficiencies of its corporate sector. This is partially true. Japan has had a hyper-competitive export sector. The domestic demand-oriented industries are not efficient due to labor market practices. More importantly, the sectors that became massively levered during the bubble have been walking dead or zombies for two decades, weighing down the overall efficiency of the economy. Japan's inefficiencies are largely a consequence of Japan's choice to prop up these industries.

    The return on asset ('RoA') in the US was twice as high as in Japan. But, with the benefit of the hindsight, the US's higher RoA was mostly a bubble phenomenon. Much of the US corporate profitability was due to financial engineering. In one aspect-export performance Japan's corporate sector has done very well, much better than its US counterpart. Japan's exports doubled in yen terms between 1993-2008 and their share in GDP nearly doubled to 16% from 9%, even though yen remained strong during the period. The performance of Japan's export sector shows that its inefficiencies elsewhere are largely due to system shortcomings.

    Japan's stagnation is mainly due to how the government has handled the debt overhang in the corporate sector, mainly in real estate, construction, and retail sectors, from the bubble era. In the 1980s, especially after the Plaza Accord, Japan's corporate sector accumulated a massive amount of debt for financial speculation. The total corporate debt more than doubled to about yen 900 trillion, or 200% of GDP, between 1984-1992. After the land and stock prices collapsed, the net value of the corporate sector's financial assets switched from about 30% of GDP positive to 50% of GDP negative. If the change in the land holdings' value is included, the corporate sector's net worth may have dived by 200% of GDP. As corporate profit is about 10% of GDP in a developed economy, it would take two decades for Japan's corporate sector to earn its way back.

    The Japanese government did choose to let the corporate sector to earn its way back by (1) preventing bankruptcies and (2) stimulating demand. To achieve the first goal, the government kept interest rate near zero and Japanese banks didn't pursue mark-to-market accounting in assessing their borrowers' solvency. With a big chunk of the corporate sector zombie-like, the economy, of course, was always under downward pressure. The government had to run large fiscal deficits to prop up the economy. After the bubble Japan's economic equilibrium was stagnation and large fiscal deficit.

    This strategy is flawed in three aspects. First, even as the corporate sector earns profit to pay down its debt, the government's debt is rising. At best, it is shifting corporate debt to government debt. In reality, the government's debt has been rising more than the reduction in private sector debt. For example, between 1999-2008 the corporate debt declined to yen 900 trillion from 1,090, the household debt to 380 from 420, but the government debt rose to 950 from 630. The total non-financial sector debt increased from yen 2,160 to 2,250 trillion during the period.

    Second, the economic efficiencies don't increase in such an equilibrium. The existing resources in the zombie sector are essentially unproductive. Bankruptcies improve efficiency by shifting resources from failing to succeeding companies. When rules are changed to stop bankruptcies, the efficiencies are sacrificed. Worse, incremental resources are sucked up by fiscal deficits that are used for propping up the zombie industries. Japan has been trapped in a low productivity equilibrium.

    Third, long period of stagnation could cause irreversible social changes for the worse. Collapsing birth rate, for example, is one consequence that is wreaking havoc on the Japanese economy. Japan's policy after the bubble was to let property price decline gradually. Hence, the living cost was also declining gradually. On the other hand, the economy stopped growing. It caused income expectation to adjust downwards quickly. The combination of high property price and low income growth pushed down Japan's birthrate rapidly. As a consequence, Japan's population is declining two decades after the bubble. Rising burden for caring the old will decrease Japan's ability to pay for anything else.

    After two decades, Japan hasn't achieved its main policy goal of letting its corporate sector to work its debt down. The total non-financial corporate debt is about the same as two decades ago. At 180% of GDP Japan's corporate indebtedness remains one of the highest in the world. Japan's household sector has indeed de-levered. Its debt at 69% of GDP is one of the lowest among developed economies. But, the government debt has increased massively during the past two decades. Its current debt level at 194% is the highest in the world. Only super low interest rate is hiding the burden of its debt.

    The DPJ is handed over a poisoned chalice. It wouldn't have the resources to do serious restructuring of the economy. Its twin goals are (1) to increase support for the household sector and (2) to shift decision-making power from bureaucracy to politicians. The government's debt burden makes it impossible for meaningful increase in supporting the household sector. The LDP has wasted all the money. The DPJ hasn't got any room to pay for either new social programs or economic restructuring. To show progress, the DPJ is likely to stage high profile confrontation with the bureaucracy. While it may be good for politics, it wouldn't do much to improve the economy.

    The total indebtedness of Japan's non-financial sector is 443%. It is probably the highest in the world. The US's is 240%. The difference is that the US owes a big chunk of its debt to foreigners, while Japan's is all to its own citizens. Most analysts think that high government debt is bearable as long as there are enough domestic savings to fund it. Japan's situation has been so. The future may be different. Japan's declining labor force is decreasing its ability to export. At some point it may begin to run trade and current account deficits. When it happens, Japan's interest rate may rise substantially, which would cause a fiscal crisis. Such a crisis may occur under the DPJ's rule. It could be blamed for a crisis that the LDP has built up for two decades.

    We can learn much from Japan's experience. The global economy, mainly the Anglo-Saxon economies, is facing the aftermath of a massive credit bubble. The remedies that most governments have embraced are to keep interest rate low and fiscal deficit high. These are the same policies that Japan pursued after its bubble burst nearly two decades ago. There are shocking similarities in how today's bubble economies treat bankruptcies and bad debts to Japan's. The US and others have suspended mark-to-market accounting rule to allow banks to stay afloat despite large amounts of toxic assets. It is the same 'letting them earn their way back' strategy that Japan pursued. The strategy fails to work as it keeps economy weak, which limits the earnings power of the financial institutions.

    As the global economy showing growth again in the third quarter of 2009, most governments are celebrating the effectiveness of their policies. Japan's experience makes us pause. Its economy experienced many such growth bounces in the past two decades but wasn't able to sustain any. The problem was that it used only stimulus, not restructuring to cope with the bursting of its bubble. After a big bubble there are serious structural problems that would hamper economic growth. Stimulus can only provide short-term support that makes structural reforms possible. When policymakers celebrate the short-term impact of stimulus and forget structural reforms, the economies will slump again. I think that the Anglo-Saxon economies will dip again next year.

    China can learn a lot from Japan's experience also. Its bubble formed when its companies began to focus on financial investment rather than their core businesses. They borrowed money and pumped it into asset markets. They essentially provided leverage to the asset markets. When the leverage was rising, asset inflation happened, which allowed the companies to book profits multiple times their operating profits from their core businesses. That gave them more incentives to pursue asset appreciation rather than operating profitability. The corporate sector became a shadow banking system for financing asset speculation.

    China's corporate sector is now behaving similar to Japan's two decades ago. China's businesses increasingly focus on asset investment rather than their core businesses. As I travel across China, it is rare to hear a business that is enthusiastic about its core business. But everyone seems excited about financial activities. In particular, property seems to become the main source of profit for most big businesses. The lending boom in the first half of 2009 seems to have been channeled mostly into asset markets by the corporate sector.

    When an asset bubble boosts corporate profits, it seems benign at first. Nobody sees the harm. However, when businesses earn profits from the investments in each other rather than their corporate businesses, their operating profitability deteriorates, because they don't invest in their core businesses anymore. The accounting profitability is just a bubble. For example, property development has become the most important source of profit for China's corporate sector. If a manufacturing business is buoyant, the odds are that it is earning profit from property development. The banking sector reports high profitability due to its lending directly or indirectly to property development. Property development profit is actually from land appreciation. If property development profitability is measured according to the land price at the selling time, the development itself wouldn't be profitable. China's corporate sector derives a significant chunk, probably most of its profit from land appreciation. China's corporate borrowing one way or another goes into the land market.

    A bubble happens because there is excessive money supply. Is the excessive monetary growth due to demand or supply? We can argue forever. When Greenspan said that a central bank couldn't stop a bubble, he meant that the money demand would rise regardless of interest rate. I disagree with this view. If a central bank targets monetary growth in line with nominal GDP growth, a big bubble couldn't happen. Aside from central banking failure, the most important micro element in a bubble is the 'shadow banking system'.

    Regulators limit what banks can do by imposing a capital requirement on them. The international standard is 8% of total asset. There are accounting tricks for banks to minimize capital requirement. When a loophole in capital accounting is large, it could cause a disaster. For example, the loose restrictions on off-balance sheet holdings was a major factor for the global credit bubble. Most regulators are tightening up the accounting rules on capital requirement.

    A less noticed and more important factor in causing bubbles is the so-called shadow banking system. Most analysts equate it to the hedge fund industry. It was providing leverage to financial speculation with little capital. The shadow banking system is much more than hedge funds. Industrial firms that engage in financial activities are more important. Entities like GE Capital, GMC, etc., provided massive leverage to asset markets with little capital. In the 1980s Japan's corporate sector tapped into the corporate bond market and raised massive amounts of capital for asset purchases. A shadow banking system is essential to a big bubble.

    China's corporate sector increasingly looks like a shadow banking system. It raises funds from banks, commercial bills or corporate bond market and channels the funds into the land market. The resulting land inflation underwrites the corporate profitability and improves their creditworthiness in the short term. To limit the expansion of China's land bubble it must limit monetary growth to that of nominal GDP growth. Faster monetary growth is to accommodate and support the bubble. To understand the consequences, we only need to look at Japan today.

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    读《朱镕基答记者问》有感

    Mon, 14 Sep 2009 09:44:00 +0800

    作者:杜欣 | 评论(28) | 标签:朱镕基, 答记者问, 出书, 国家领导人, 文化, 感悟, 杂谈

    9月2日,一本书就像千百万普通图书一样被摆上书架,首次面市。可就在销售第一天,北京王府井新华书店经理致电人民出版社,新书热销程度已远远超过预期;

    同时,就此书在抵达上海书城首日,到货的1000多册新书在下午5点前全部售完,书店不得不连夜紧急从北京调货。据了解,该书在上海市的发行量和订数均位居全国最前列;

    在西北城市银川,此书虽然没做到与一线城市同期上市。但在9月3日下午5点半图书到货后,新华书店即刻编码上架,上架书籍几分钟内就被抢购一空;

    两家图书零售网站当当和卓越两天销售量突破万册,新书上架2小时被抢购一空;

    首印25万册不能满足读者需求,各地所报订数突破70万册……

    阔别六载,"朱镕基"三个字再次走进公众的视线。凭借一本记录作为国家副总理、总理期间与媒体"唇枪舌战"的新书,朱镕基以无官之身又一次征服了中国百姓。

    随着《朱镕基答记者问》一书的出版,许多人把目光放在了对于国家领导人出书的好奇、议论与关注上。多家媒体更是链接了李鹏、钱其琛等多位卸任国家领导者出书的相关内容。而这本以朱镕基多次接受媒体采访及演讲的记录为内容,根据音像资料、文字记录稿整理而成,共60篇,约36万字,收入照片85幅的《朱镕基答记者问》却保持了低调的面目,朱镕基本人并没有为新书撰写文字,即使书籍前言,也是编者所加。通过如此安排,似乎在出书的同时,维持了朱镕基卸任后不公开发言的一贯自律。此书的意义也远远超出了人物传记或回顾往昔的范畴,令人联想到中国经济上长达12年的"朱镕基时代"。睹书思人,书中谈笑风生中的智慧与耿直、一位泱泱大国首脑那时那刻的风范同时也引发了国人对朱镕基其人情感和记忆的帷幕。

    书中专访和演讲的内容包括中国加入世贸组织、人权、改革、中美关系、对台政策等多个领域,端端数十万文字,从某种程度也成为了中国在经历了亚洲金融危机、港澳回归、回归世贸及98特大洪涝灾害等等一系列重大事件之后,逐步走向成熟与发展的过程。字里行间,以一位领导者为代表的中国人无论是在亚洲金融危机对世界作出人民币不贬值承诺时的坚持、在面对一系列质疑时的淡定,还是在遭遇各种攻击、自然灾害等等时候的团结,都给此时此刻依然处在金融危机的读者们以振奋、以反思。

    作为当时中国行政部门的最高负责人、一位本色领导者,朱镕基在其执政生涯中做到了以情动人、以理服人。一个国家,领导人是一面镜子。作为一位官员,要敢于直面敏感问题,要厘清"道与术"、"表与里"、"上与下"、"群与己"的关系,政治家不能只会作秀,还需要有扎实的内在功底。朱镕基在此方面无疑做出了优秀的表率。而书中的"记者"实际上代表的也并不仅仅是媒体,而是作为老百姓知情权的一种延伸。中国的"官"(国家或地方政体)该如何跟社会沟通、如何引导舆论、如何获得老百姓和社会的信任、如何在新时代框架下搭建科学而和谐的官民关系,此书内容都是有非凡的教育意义。

    并不懂得多少政治与经济的我还是利用周末一整天的时间细细研读了这本装帧精美但毫无半点奢华的《朱镕基答记者问》。那是一个领略那个时期的时代气息与那个时期的领导者本色的过程。那书像个有巨大魔力的磁场,让我不知不觉度过了一个白天。不知道该用什么样的语言来表达读完之后的感受、来结束这篇读后感。还是引用1999年朱镕基刚刚担任总理职务时,回答凤凰卫视中文台提问时的一段话吧:

    不管前面是地雷阵还是万丈深渊,我都将一往无前,义无反顾,鞠躬尽瘁,死而后已!

    ——朱镕基

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    历史只记载最特别的人——伟人或者无耻混蛋

    Mon, 14 Sep 2009 03:32:00 +0800

    作者:港媒直通车 | 评论(3) | 标签:读书看电影

    我对Quentin Tarantino的爱还是绵绵无绝。《Inglourious Basterds》这部片子再次向我们展示了他惊人的想象力和对B级片的深刻诠释。

    这部片子在形式上没有太大的创新,是一部典型的昆丁片,在结尾处让你看得爽快的片子。说的阴暗一些,剧中人物的怪异死法总是我对昆丁的崇敬之处。比如女主角竟然是和追她的男军官互射致死,而一直以为会有重头戏的美国特派员竟然是在酒吧乱枪中就死掉了之类,最后布拉德比特解决德国军官的随从那段简单利落。

    第一次看《天生杀人狂》和《低俗小说》时,并不知道都是他导演的。于是更加深了我在知道后的佩服。《天》中的疯狂实验元素让我不得不觉得自己很落伍,而结局又是如此满足我的私心,包括杀死记者那段,简直是完美暴力。《低》就更不用说了,看别人写的评论应该都看不过来了,主题曲《She》成为我MP3永恒播放曲目。

    随后大爱的片子是《Sin City》,里面喷射的黄色血浆也是我的心头之爱。有人评论说这是一种弱化恐怖场面的方法,但我从来不觉得昆丁是打算弱化恐怖场面的,倒是漫画可能确实给了他一些灵感。影响最深的除了性感的南希跳钢管舞那段,就是最后狼把人一点点咬死的画面。

    他的片子就是能这样,让你看得过瘾,骂得痛快。不是拐弯抹角承接转和,而是直来直往,紧急转弯。想法大胆和形式夸张还有特有的电影配乐,除了他还有什么人能把荒诞的世界用荒诞的收发表现出来?

    这部片子,也再次让我爱上了布拉德比特的演技,又帅又搞笑又有演技的男演员比愿意脱衣服的女演员难找多了。冒充意大利人扁嘴的形象着实可爱,还要说着口音极重的英语,他总愿意接一些这样富有挑战的自毁形象的人物,叫人佩服,他是真的热爱表演。一同看电影的人� 想起了他出演的《两杆大烟枪》里的吉普赛拳击手。

    不知道昆丁有没有拍过短片或者习作,我想他的第一套片子倘若也是这个风格,肯定遭受过很多非议。可是历史只记载最特别的人,能够坚持自我风格,贯穿始终之人,终将出类拔萃。相似的人,让我想起我最爱的Tim Burton, 可以想象迪士尼看到他的动画片《Vincent》时,是一种怎样的异类的眼光。

    回归主题,看完此片心情愉悦,很想见谁不爽就直接按到割头皮!(这段时间出现与我身边者请注意安全)

    – ‐‐——– ‐‐——– ‐‐——– ‐‐——– ‐‐——– ‐‐——

    □ 每天乘坐港媒直通车,带你了解中国更多。专注有思想的时事评论,和原创有新意的文化评论

    □ 本文作者:Molly Zheng

    □ 全文链接:http://www.v2en.com/2009/09/history-only-special-man

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    路遥依旧——写在《人生》的边上

    Sun, 13 Sep 2009 22:36:00 +0800

    作者:赵家鹏 | 评论(8) | 标签:路遥, 人生, 平凡的世界

    偶尔想起,久违的人生,心思晃动,回忆迭起,便格外惦念起来,想问一句:别来,可无恙否?

    那时候,面对执意退学的我,化学老师恨铁不成钢地引了一段柳青的话:"人生的道路虽然漫长,但紧要处常常只有几步,特别是当人年轻的时候。"

    如今,话犹在耳,只是,当初的执意还是执意了,虽不曾后悔,然想起故人,终究不免潸然。

    往事不可追也。在平淡的日子里,总想将生活中十之八九的不如意事扫入红尘,尽埋心底,可谁又能逆料人生的经逢呢?许多年后,走在车马喧嚣的街上,你早已风尘仆仆、容颜尽改,却不想迎面而来一句寒暄,竟将你认起,原来,正是相知托付也离散多年的旧雨啊!

    而书籍正是这样与你有缘的故友。就像是万千众生中寻那个他般,你从琳琅的书架上,抽拔出这一本书,或许只是无意中的想望,翻开来,却诧然睹见一霎时满满的感动,镌在扉页上,写在行文间,也蔓延在绵长的阅读行途之中。

    正是,初初相见,已然恨晚。

    《人生》横躺在一丛花花绿绿的图书中间。想比其他书青春狂飙的姿态,米色素颜的《人生》,显得单薄而瘦弱,若是有人匆匆行过,甚至都不会引起一丁点的注目。

    庆幸的是,在意兴阑珊的尾巴上,我翻开了《人生》的扉页,瞥见了那一段柳青的话,于是,我知道,自己终究还是与它相逢了。

    书的作者是路遥,这本书是他的成名作。

    最早认识路遥,是因为读了他写的《平凡的世界》。书写得很好,对于那时正处在人生中黯淡岁月的自己,实可谓是精神上的一道光亮,让我坚定了对生活的信心。于是,也就喜欢上了路遥。

    路遥于1949年出生在陕西省榆林市清涧县一个贫苦的农民家庭,因为家贫,7岁时被过继给了伯父。中学毕业之后,20岁的回乡干起了农活,其间也做过一些临时性的工作,包括在一所村办小学教了一年书。1973年,路遥进入了延安大学中文系学习,其间,他开始了文学创作。大学毕业后,路遥进入了《陕西文艺》充任编辑,也继续着写作。1980年,他发表了小说《惊心动魄的一幕》,获得了全国优秀中篇小说奖,也从此,进入了人们的视野。到了1982年,他创作了小说《人生》,该小说引起了很大的反响,不仅再次荣获了全国优秀中篇小说奖,而且还被改编成了同名电影。随着电影的播出与获奖,路遥的名字也终于家喻户晓了。然而,《人生》只是他文学人生中的一次牛刀小试,其之前所做的一切,都是在为迎接生命中最辉煌的高潮铺路而已。1988年� 这个高潮终于来了,那就是长篇小说《平凡的世界》的诞生。这部百万字的巨著,以宏阔的手笔和史诗般的构架挥写了那个变革时代中许许多多平凡人物的平凡生活,其中的痛苦挫折与欢欣快乐交织叠构,全景地展示了在时代冲击面前平凡人们的困境和选择,也给了更多在迷茫中的人以启示和激励。正是因此,《平凡的世界》获得了茅盾文学奖,成就了路遥一生的高峰。然而,高处不胜寒,刚刚抵达人生顶峰的路遥,在很短的时间之内就陨落了。1992年,年仅42岁的路遥,因病医治无效,再西安撒手人寰,作别了自己的人生,也离开了他深爱着的这个平凡的世界。

    有人说,天才总是早逝的。路遥也许算不上天才,然而,作家的一生也是颇令人唏嘘的。不仅过早的离世让平凡的人们为之垂泪,更因为身后的种种也竟被人们忘记的这么快。

    大概是去年吧,看过《北京青年报》的一版寻访路遥亲人的专题。令人想不到的是,作为陕西作协副主席、著名小说作家的路遥,在其身后,他的家人居然还仍旧一贫如洗,以至于病重也无力就医。于是又想起坊间传说的路遥当年"卖血赚稿费"的故事,却又不禁一阵心酸。世事如雾如雨,纵然生前名声备集,死后犹不知所在,就在弥留之际,文学界中的铁汉路遥没有给我们流下什么豪言壮语,只是如孩子般地呼唤着:"妈!……妈!……"

    没什么可丢人的。这是他最不舍的依赖,是他最深沉的牵挂,也是作为一个平凡的人最真挚的呼声。

    如今,这真挚的呼声早已湮没不闻了。平凡的世界的这个时代中,路遥的母亲依旧老病,而关于真挚与真诚,我们也与之渐行渐远,早就看不清面目了。

    《人生》这本书写于1982年。那年,路遥33岁,正是他人生的四分之三处。

    大概是凭借着其多年来的阅历积累和细致入微的生活观察体验,路遥在书中用成熟流畅的笔触刻画了一干处在"交叉地带"——时代、地域、性格和冲突等等的交叉——的人物形象,叙述了时代变革里,各色人等的人生际遇,并由此而带来的相关人生变化与心路历程。可以说,在各种各样的选择之间,路遥多少给我们呈现出了一种个人面对时代的无力与无奈,然而,他却不因此而对人生丧失希望和信心,以至于随波逐流、妄自菲薄。在功利对人性的逼宫之下,他向我们展现了一种土地般坚韧平实的生活态度。

    这态度的最终生成,正是以农村高中毕业生高加林的人生变化轨迹为径向的。在乡土与城市之间的几番折返,高加林从最开始的失意,到恢复自信,到平步青云,再到人生突然的转折取下,可以说,其间他的每一次变化都是非正常的。许许多多的功利计算和世态炎凉夹杂在这些非正常之中,激起了他逐渐异化与膨胀的渴望。所以,在一朝得志,登堂入室之后,几番功利衡量后的高加林,抛弃了在人生最黯淡的时刻给予自己安慰的初恋情人,善解人意的农村姑娘刘巧珍,转而和干部子弟黄亚萍热恋在了一起。然而,好景不长,高加林的"走后门"行为终于被人告发了,不得不再转回农村并与黄亚萍分手。这突然之间的变故,让他开始追悔莫及起来——这时,被伤透了心的巧珍早已另嫁他人了。无可奈何,作别了花绿的城市与傲人的身份,人心尽失� �高加林心灰意冷地回到村口,踌躇之际,却不想,村中人不仅没有刁难取笑他,反而给了他最暖心的鼓励,甚至曾被他伤害的巧珍居然丝毫不计前嫌,反倒一个劲地为他托关系求情,为了帮他再谋个民办教师的职位而奔忙着。于是,在小说的最后,倍受感动,也后悔万分地高加林,扑倒在一辈子单身却善心的德顺爷爷面前,喊叫道:

    "我的亲人哪……"

    痛哭失声,却已经晚了。就像是德顺爷爷说的,加林丢了一块金子,再也找不回来了——那就是巧珍。然而,我们又都还知道,这绝不是结尾——小说的戛然而止,却也许正是高加林人生中的另一段开始。是的,我要承认,在这里,我是不可抑止地对加林抱有着同情,甚至怀揣着期待。因为经过了这许多事情,我既怜悯过高加林的怀才不遇,也痛恨过他的绝情忘义,而这所有的一切,都使我格外地看见在加林体内的那一个个自我。每一个自我都交叠纠缠着,影影绰绰地散落在生活的每一个角落,总在不经意间的偶尔,飘出来吓你一身冷颤!这真的是我吗?!

    怀疑、困惑、愤懑、沮丧,我们旋绕徘徊在高加林般的人生选择之中,总如迷途的羔羊,错失方向,迷津前路。这究竟是因为什么呢?恐怕,在内在的自我之中,我们都太过于急迫,苦人生短促,总嫌路遥风景远,以至于每每取道险栈,虽自以为抄了近道,实不知前途险阻,雷池便在侧。

    所以,行途中的我们回首后望,便总是唏嘘不已,感叹的每一声中,都是一朵朵顾盼失路的灵魂——他们,是虚浮的花叶,飘离了枯荣长青的土地,也永别了曾经的平凡的世界。

    《人生》虽佳,却总嫌不够饱满,似乎不过是人生之青春年少,缺乏苍郁的酝酿和磅礴的气象。到了《平凡的世界》,这龙象之气,总算是成了。路遥甩开了手笔,泼起浓墨,洒下重彩,为我们史诗般地描绘了三卷时代的众生相貌。能够看到,相比于《人生》,《平凡的世界》更踏实了,甚至是路遥的心气也变得更加稳重了。

    这从《人生》中高加林与《平凡的世界》中孙少平的对比,正可以清晰瞥见。

    我始终觉得高加林与孙少平是一个人的两面,或者说,是一次选择之后的不同结果。在选择之前,他们同样年少气盛,同样青年俊才,同样经逢苦难,所不同的是,面临人生迁变的时候,前者,在精神的坚守和欲望的剥落间挣扎,终于迷失在了人生的路途中,不得不一切放下,反身重来;后者,在世事磨难和纷纭变化中,默默养植着内心的美好和信仰,在选择的岔口,低眉信手,坦然而过,没有过多的计较与考量,其行途中的苦乐哀愁,在心河中静默流淌,跌宕而饱满,最后终于凝炼成了人生的精魂,平凡而珍贵。

    于是,我们纵然羡慕过高加林的一时显贵,却最终不免为之掬下一把同情泪,相反,孙少平的选择或许不能为更多的人所理解,但是,我们看着他一步步走来,踏实而坚定,纵是悲欣交集,又怎能不为之感到放心,不赞他一声"好样的"呢?

    但小说毕竟还只是小说,在路遥死去多年以后的今天,举目四盼,我们不得不承认这样一个不知是令人沮丧还是该啼笑皆非的事实,总之,我们发现:孙少平已经越来越少了。

    无处不在的,为"理想"而奔波劳碌的人们,不啻是一个个"高加林"的翻版而已(我自己也如此)。偶尔仰望苍穹,总会发现,在头上的星空与心中的道德之外,我们眼中还充斥了太多的杂质:金钱、名誉、性欲、地位……

    如五音惑耳、五色障目一般,这些东西时时漂浮在我们的眼前,不知让多少人患上了"近视眼",也让多少人,失却了人生的路途。

    是的,已经有太多的人,如我一般,不再知晓生死之间的人生路途,该是哪一种模样了。

    《人生》是一本小书,人生却是一本大书。

    在小书的后面,有一段关于《人生》的对话,而在大书的后面,也有一段关于人生的对话——

    ……

    路遥:真正有功力的长篇小说不依赖情节取胜。惊心动魄的情节未必能写成惊心动魄的小说。作家最大的才智应是能够在日常细碎的生活中演绎出让人心灵震颤的巨大内容。而这种才智不仅要建立在对生活极其稔熟的基础上,还应建立在对这些生活深刻洞察和透彻理解的基础上。

    汉娜•阿伦特:即使在最黑暗的时代,我们也有权利去期待某种光明。这种光明与其说来自理论和概念,不如说是来自一些男男女女在其生活和工作中,在几乎各种环境中点燃的不确定的、忽隐忽现的、通常是微弱的灯光,它照亮了尘世的时光距离。

    ……

    传道授业,解惑。如今,传道授业的故人已矣,而疑惑,兀自不曾解卸。

    我不知道,如何能掌握住那一把在日常琐碎的生活中丈量尘世时光的尺矩?我也不知道,那震颤人心的巨大内容,是不是就是那一烛忽隐忽现的微弱灯光?而我始终不知道的是——那人生的路途,究竟是有多么遥远?

    我知道,这些感慨太过老生常谈,而如此突兀的结束,也不免显得唐突。但对于确实疑惑的人来说,无言以对,也算一种合适吧。

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